Because it promises better performance and therefore potential economic gains, the genetic improvement of livestock is often acclaimed and seen as a providential lever for development. However, if genetic improvement projects are to be a success in terms of the development of small-scale livestock farming, they need to avoid a number of pitfalls, by analysing the context in which they are implemented and then taking into account certain rules and safeguards. This technical note addresses these issues and presents AVSF’s experience.